![]() Under the Roman Monarchy neither entity was sovereign. However, where populus is sovereign alone, Senātus is not. The two legal entities mentioned, Senātus and the Populus Rōmānus, are sovereign when combined. The abbreviation last appears on coins of Constantine I the Great (ruled AD 312-337), the first Christian Roman Emperor. ![]() Previously, the official name of the Roman state, as evidenced on coins, was simply ROMA. The title's date of establishment is unknown, but it first appears in inscriptions of the Late Republic, from c. The phrase commonly appears in Roman political, legal and historical literature, including the speeches of Cicero and the Ab urbe condita libri ("Books from the Founding of the City") of Titus Livius (Livy). ![]() ![]() ![]() It appears on coins, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stone or metal, in dedications of monuments and public works, and was emblazoned on the standards of the Roman legions. SPQR is an initialism of a Latin phrase, Senātus Populusque Rōmānus (" The Roman Senate and People" referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic, and used as an official emblem of the modern-day comune (municipality) of Rome. ![]()
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